s-9.a Modes Of Reproduction

Modes Of Reproduction

key notes:

Reproduction is the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced, ensuring the survival of a species.

Asexual Reproduction: Involves a single parent and produces offspring genetically identical to the parent.
Sexual Reproduction: Involves two parents (male and female) and produces offspring with genetic variation.

Budding: A new organism grows from a bud or outgrowth of the parent (e.g., Hydra, yeast).
Binary Fission: The organism splits into two identical daughter cells (e.g., Amoeba, Paramecium).
Regeneration: Some animals can regenerate lost body parts, which can grow into a new organism (e.g., starfish, planarians).
Fragmentation: The body of the organism breaks into pieces, each of which can grow into a new individual (e.g., some worms, corals).

Fertilization: The union of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to form a zygote.

External Fertilization: Fertilization occurs outside the female body, typically in water (e.g., fish, amphibians).
Internal Fertilization: Fertilization takes place inside the female’s body (e.g., mammals, birds, reptiles).

Oviparous: Animals lay eggs that hatch outside the mother’s body (e.g., birds, reptiles, amphibians).
Viviparous: Animals give birth to live young, with the embryo developing inside the mother’s body (e.g., mammals).
Ovoviviparous: Eggs develop inside the female’s body, but the young are born live (e.g., some reptiles, fish).

Some animals have both male and female reproductive organs, allowing them to produce both eggs and sperm (e.g., earthworms, snails, some fish).

A type of asexual reproduction where the female produces offspring without fertilization by a male (e.g., some insects, reptiles).

Asexual Reproduction:

Advantages: Quick, no need for a mate, large number of offspring.
Disadvantages: Lack of genetic diversity, making species vulnerable to changes in the environment.

Sexual Reproduction:

Advantages: Genetic diversity, which helps in adapting to changing environments.
Disadvantages: Requires a mate, slower process, fewer offspring.

R-strategy: High reproductive rate, producing many offspring with little parental care (e.g., fish, insects).
K-strategy: Produces fewer offspring with more parental care (e.g., humans, elephants).

Factors such as temperature, season, availability of food, and habitat can influence the reproductive patterns and success of animals.

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